Frames per Second (fps)

 

StandardsTechnologies

Acceptable / Needed / Suitable

Depend on what try to capture, for what purposes.

fps
1 Occupancy, essentially only need kind-of snapshots at some suitable frequency
~3-4 Capturing people walking, flow, direction
~10 Capturing people running, flow, direction
6-15 Average range for almost 70 (68)%, surveillance applications, 2019
15 Average frame rate, surveillance applications, 2019
15 “As a rough rule of thumb, I’d make sure you had a frame every 3 feet or more. In the case above (30mph / 44 feet per second), that would mean 15fps. Of course, you still need to have a short shutter speed to eliminate blur.” (city traffic) [ipvm.com/reports/lpc-test-2014]
24 Movies / videos in general.
30 Common standard in smartphones (2020)
60 Common high-alternative choice in smartphones (2020)
  • For “the movies”, professional or home
    • 24 fps if traditional cinema, the movies
    • 30 fps,

https://www.google.com/search?q=how+many+frames+per+second+can+the+eye+see

Frame Rate Guide for Video Surveillance – https://ipvm.com/reports/frame-rate-surveillance-guide (PUBLIC)

License Plate Capture Shootout 2014 – https://ipvm.com/reports/lpc-test-2014 (PUBLIC)

Shutter Speed & Frame Rate

“Key lesson: The frame rate per second can never be higher than the number of exposures per second. If you have a 1/4s shutter, the shutter / exposure only opens and closes 4 times per second (i.e., 1/4s + 1/4s + 1/4s + 1/4s = 1s). Since this only happens 4 times, you can only have 4 frames in that second.”

NOTE: The above is recommendation for what feels natural for humans.
One can definitely have both lower and higher frame rate per second than exposures per second.

https://vimeo.com/blog/post/frame-rate-vs-shutter-speed-setting-the-record-str/

lower – more blurriness in movements

higher – more sharp movements

good starting rule: shutter speed = double of frame rate, e.g. 1/60th of a second at 30 fps


Standards – Technologies

12, 15, 16, 18 8mm Film (1932-1970s~)
18, 24 Super 8mm Film (1965-1970s~)
24p progressive scan format
25 PAL television standard, VHS cameras (major technology succeeding 8 mm; Europe+SECAM-areas). Also Video8.
25p progressive broadcasting format, 25 fps
29.97 NTSC television standard (timecode can be drop-frame or non-drop-frame)
30p progressive broadcasting format, 30 fps
50p/60p progressive format, high-end HDTV, 50 fps / 60 fps respectively
100p/
119.88p/
120p
progressive-scan formats standardized for UHDTV by the ITU-R BT.2020 recommendation.

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate

  • ” The human visual system can process 10 to 12 images per second and perceive them individually, while higher rates are perceived as motion.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_video_formats

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media, doesn’t talk about fps but more focus on bitrates

  • 2 Mbps – streaming standard definition video (SD) ( 858 MiB/hr; 2000000*3600/(8*1024*1024) )
  • 5 Mbps – streaming High Definition video (HD) ( 2.15 GiB/hr, 5000000*3600/(8*1024*1024) )
  • 9 Mbps – streaming Ultra-High Definition video (UHD) ( 3.86 GiB/hr, 9000000*3600/(8*1024*1024) )